What is "crema"?

Crema refers to the golden, foamy layer that forms on the surface of a freshly brewed espresso shot. This layer is composed of emulsified oils, proteins, and sugars from coffee beans, created during the espresso extraction process. It is considered an essential characteristic of a well-pulled espresso because it contributes to the drink's aromatic qualities, enhances mouthfeel, and indicates the freshness of the coffee beans used. The presence and quality of crema can greatly influence the overall enjoyment of the espresso, making it a definitive feature that coffee enthusiasts look for when assessing the quality of their shot. It is distinct from other elements like the last sip of espresso, flavored syrups, or brewing methods, highlighting its unique role in espresso preparation.